What is the purpose of street photography?

Fernanda asked me this question recently, and I found it hard to answer right away. Indeed, I believe that the answer lies not in the genre itself, but in your personal definition of it and, to be specific, your own vision for your work. It is therefore a very personal question – not a question entitled to be answered as a group. Because if it was to be answered by all of us, as a group, we would find out that this purpose – or supposed impact of street photography on the world – can be radically different depending on the photographer. And this is the charm of street photography: there is no single written answer to everything. You have to find your own path, beyond the boundaries that are being imposed on you.

You have to find your own purpose for it.

Let’s think for a second about the possible purposes for doing street photography. To my knowledge, there are broadly two trends in street photography resulting in two very different purposes:

The first purpose is social and cultural in essence. Some street photography groups maintain a clear purpose for their work: impacting society by documenting life and the world as it is today, to be seen by everyone, and most importantly, by future generations. Their work intends to document, to show, to reveal to the world what’s going on, what people do and look like, what our generation is all about. Their vision is driven by the possible impact that their images may have on society at large: changing or expanding the way people see society and humanity around the world. And giving future generations the tools they need to understand how the world has evolved over time.

The second purpose is simply artistic. For many other photographers, street photography is not a social scheme (like photo journalism or photo documentary for example), but an art in and of itself. In that sense, the purpose of street photography for these people is that of art – to change the way individuals see the world, and themselves, according to the author’s vision. In other words, those photographers are not interested in changing society, but conveying novel emotions and feelings with their art. They do not intend to document, to record, or to show what is: they’re more interested in conveying their personal vision of the world, their personal take on it. And their higher purpose is simply to touch people with their art – to open the door to their imagination, to their feelings and memories.

For anybody knowing me, I clearly belong to the second category. My world is not that of a documentary, but that of dreams and forgotten memories. Therefore, I often find myself at the edge, at the border of a genre so characterized by rules, do’s and don’ts that seem imposed on my, assigning a purpose to my work, assigning a vision for the collectivity. Anyone knowing me also knows that I can’t care less about collective thinking. And I don’t find myself fulfilled because I am part of a group of self-minded people.

Our strength is our diversity – our diversity of styles, thinking, and purposes for doing what we do. And through this diversity only can the genre survive and evolve. Therefore, there is no one single purpose for street photography, but many. As many in fact as there are street photographers. And the more you think about it, about what drives you personally, what you want to achieve with your own images, the more you will find your vision – and escape the narrowness of a genre that is still searching itself.

Good luck in this journey, it is yours only.

Storytelling in street photography: Learning to see possibilities

Here’s my philosophy: Street photography is a journey which starts with the willingness to see the world differently. Below is the introductory chapter of my ebook Storytelling in Street Photography, Creating Impact, and is all about seeing… which is where you should start.

Street photography is not about capturing the reality as it is: it is about, as we say, turning the mundane into the extraordinary. I am not talking about post-processing, but about vision: what you see and feel is what you will want to express. And unless you commit to see the world differently, you won’t create any meaningful street images.

Seeing the world differently means paying attention to what others will not see by themselves, should it be the simple reflection of a woman in a bus window. It means looking at that city that we know so well, and yet discovering it for the first time, each time you’ll go out on your own. It means being able to see some form of beauty in the most common things, in the most common smiles, in the most common eyes. And it means not only seeing, but feeling – feeling deep inside us that a story is born, right in front of us.

So how do we know when this happens? What should we be looking for exactly? The decision to shoot – and all subsequent decisions around framing, speed, depth of field etc. – is a very intuitive process. Yet, we can train our mind to recognize opportunities, and, in doing so, allowing us to become better photographers. This first chapter provides an overview of what I consider myself to be opportunities in street photography.

1.       Unique expressions of life

At the very heart of street photography, the keen observation of human expressions is a talent that can well pay off in a striking picture. Candid expressions that will create a strong impact on viewers are those that tell a story and convey a specific emotion: either through direct eye contact with the camera, or through the capture of well identified facial and body expressions. Many expressions and emotions can be captured on everyday people; one just needs to look carefully…

In this image, I particularly like the intensity of the eye contact between those two girls and the camera. The beauty of her candid smile almost brightens up the sadness of the rain falling on the city.  This expression really turns a conceptual umbrella scene into a human story.

2.  Striking faces and attitudes

Some people, by their attitude and their physical presence, tend to eclipse everybody else in my eyes. And crossing their path brings about deeper feelings, at the intersection of their stories and of my own. I do not see them for who they are, but I see them for who they could be, within the realms of my own fantasy world. Whatever you feel about this person during those random encounters, it is this feeling that you will need to remember, process and express through your photography. And this is this very feeling that will make your capture unique, timeless, memorable.

I saw this woman by the window of a shop, one Saturday afternoon. I instantly felt transported into another world, a world of iridescent beauty and timeless mystery. This is this very feeling that I have tried to express here, in this image. 

3.       Uniqueness in the crowd

Shooting crowds is very difficult, and is an art all and by itself. But finding a unique subject within the crowd can also be very rewarding. The context and story that provides a crowd is worth many words: the most important thing being to find and isolate this unique subject appropriately. There are several techniques that one can use to make this happen. You can change the settings of your camera: either choose a large aperture to produce a shallow depth of field, or identify a non-moving subject and decrease the speed to get the crowd in motion. You can also isolate a subject through colors or differentiated tones, if they happen to be distinctive enough.

In this example, the closeness to the subject and the effect of stillness vs. motion of the crowd clearly identify the woman as the primary subject. The umbrella as well, as an all-encompassing element, brings up clear focus on the woman vs. the busy surroundings – at the same time separating the subject from the background while bringing all elements together, in a cohesive manner.

4.       Interconnected stories

Last, but not least, the human element in your images can be dramatically improved with multiple, interconnected stories. The most sophisticated street images will play not across a single layer, but across multiple layers. In those images, photographers not only isolate a clear and distinct subject, but also create connections across multiple human elements in the frame. When those stories are, apparently, disconnected, composition elements can work very well to establish that connection and tell an interconnected story.

In this example, the two stories are connected by the overall line created by the stairs in the background. The shadow adds additional dynamic and acts as a strong point of entry into the picture: first leading the eye to the woman with the child, then taking us to the other woman through the intermediary of the stairs.

5.       Urban geometry and architectural line

The contrast between harsh architectural lines and soft human lines provide the basis for interesting story telling. Lonely figures passing in front of immense architectural buildings tell stories of loneliness in the city, while highly graphic elements emphasize the modernity of our urban surroundings. When using urban lines and shapes to create dramatic geometry, it is important to give space for the human story to happen. Stagnant compositions where people could be erased without hurting much the story are not human stories, they are architectural stories.

In this image, the repetition of shapes between the bridge and the body of the person creates a strong connection between the two; it is as if the man was bent in synchronicity with the bridge, forming a symbolic whole. The subject absolutely belongs to the image, seemingly fighting with the bridge against the winter wind.

6.       Complementarity of colors and shapes

Colors that complement each others are appealing to the eye and to the mind. They tell a story of their own, a story of harmonious contrasts, of duality and complementarity all at the same time. While neither colors nor shapes create stories on their own in street photography, they add that extra dimension that can help tell greater, more impactful stories.

In this picture, the color version is very strong because of those complementary colors: the cyan talks to the pink in an invisible dialogue, along with the shapes that seem to contradict each other – the roundness of the umbrella against the very polynomial shapes printed on the background wall.

7.       Dramatic light and clair-obscures

Photography is all about light. In fact, photography literally means “writing with light”, and the amount of light going into the lens is what, in definitive, will determine your exposure and the resulting image. But light, as a composition element, is also incredibly fascinating; added substance or tension can be born out of great use of light and darkness. Light can take many forms, and play many roles, as we will see in the next chapters. In definitive however, understanding how to take advantage of the light is critical – and following the light is an important first step.

This image was taken in a fairly usual street in Chicago, full of parked cars, with little interest per itself. But those figures crossing the street in front of the overpowering light is all that was needed to transform the ordinary into a picture seemingly out of time and space. 

8.       Patterns and repetitive elements

Repetition of human elements or objects can become a story in itself, especially when that repetition is unusual or unexpected. But when thinking about patterns and repetitive elements, it can also be interesting to integrate elements that “break” the patterns: such as a tiny human figure set against a highly symmetric architectural setting. Or the façade of a large building only interrupted by the sight of a man looking through one of the windows.

In this image, the repetitive forms created by the human bodies are as ironic as the subjects themselves: cut from their heads, looking alike but for the colors of their clothes. More complex than what the eye is accustomed to, this image creates interest beyond the repetition itself, and the irony is not lost on the viewer.

9.       Atmospheric settings and weather

What creates atmosphere is hard to describe, and could possibly become a whole chapter in itself. There are, however, easily recognizable elements that you can leverage: architecture backgrounds telling stories of the past, interesting artificial lights that leave part of the picture in the dark, as well as rainy and / or foggy weathers bringing a mist over the world. Whatever this is, pay attention to the world around you and look for opportunity to add mood to a potential human story.

In this picture, taken fairly recently, the soft contrasts created by the light of a rainy day, and the particular architecture of the large and old building all contribute to taking the viewer into another time, another age, far away from today’s busy city life. This atmospheric charge really makes the shot – telling a widely different story from the real and the mundane.

10.       Mysterious nights

Nights are as mysterious as you want they want to be. Artificial lights and areas of darkness can tell stories of another time, filled with this incredible atmosphere that only the night can bring. The most mundane scene turns into a film noir or a fairytale, depending on your mood and imagination. Fantasy, strangeness, drama: you can borrow so much to those magnificent lights falling on the city half asleep, all of sudden as foreign as a faraway country. The way the world gets transformed at night makes it an incredibly powerful time to shoot and tell unique stories.

In this image, the lights of the bridge, along with the atmospheric snow and half-darkness falling on the subjects’ face create a deep sense of mystery. And mystery is good: mystery forces the mind to cope with ambiguity, with a story only suggested, never totally revealed. It opens up the door to the personal imagination of the viewer – forcing the mind to fill out the void created by the open-ended story.

You can see opportunities everywhere, but you need to open your eyes and be mindful of them! Till the next chapter, I wish you a very good night...

New episode of Street Focus, Chicago and street photography

Here you go, the new episode of Street Focus, the podcast hosted by Valerie Jardin, is all about Chicago, where, when and what to shoot in this wonderful city that I know only so well. So go listen it if you have some time!

http://thisweekinphoto.com/street-focus-16-chicago/

Tales of overshadowing cities

Cities and people have always been fascinating to most of us. Of course, street photography is about people. But more often than not, the city lies behind to tell a story about these people, as if the city could reflect and emphasize what’s going on inside us, perhaps telling more about our dreams and fears than the longing human silhouette already escaping the frame. While both urban and human elements have their own vital importance in creating interest and uniqueness, I believe that this is at the intersection of both elements that lie the greatest stories being told. To the same extent as light cannot exist without dark, it often seems to me that human and city elements are indivisible – they not only complement each other, they in fact converge to tell a more complex, more powerful story of humanity.

As a first step to understand the city-human relationship, we will discuss the case of minimalist urban landscapes where the city plays a predominant role, minimizing human beings as part of visually simple or complex compositions. As we will see later in this post, the opposition between soft human shapes and harsh urban lines is not only visually pleasing: it can convey strong emotions to your viewers, and can help us understand the complex relationship that connects people to their city.

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Giving a sense of scale: the minimalist approach

Minimalist compositions in street photography look at integrating human elements into an existing urban landscape, and can range from overly simplistic to complex visual compositions. The key of minimalism is to create a sense of scale, of proportion between people and the city itself, and then to purposefully minimalize the space taken by the human element compared to the city elements.

The first image is an example of a simplistic minimalist composition, made of a person walking alongside a huge building. These types of shot will require large focal lengths, to take in as much of the surroundings as possible. The resulting image is as simple as it can get, almost naked – with that man walking by himself and followed by his shadow. This second image shows a more complex visual composition – while easily recognizable, the human element shown as an umbrella is surrounded by many shapes within shapes, some forming patterns, and some breaking existing patterns to add more complexity to the whole image. In both cases however, the human element is definitely reduced to a minimal form, giving birth to the so-called minimalist street photography.

When looking for a suitable background, you can find many candidates throughout the city. Arcades, because of the sheer size of the architecture and the appeal of its symmetrical making, can be a valuable starting point. With arcades, it is easy to integrate human elements at the right time and the right place: either in the continuity of the arcades, like on the image on the right, or on the contrary, placed in an unusual location for a more surprising outcome, like on the image on the left.

But minimalist compositions can play with an infinity of shapes and lines to exist. Look right in front of you, on the other side of the street, for interesting structures that can provide an extension to human beings walking in the city, such as this image of Chicago South loop on the left. Or focus your attention on the facade of a building with transparent stairs – where the human element will be breaking the pattern, all at the same time disrupting the balance and strengthening the superb geometry and details that city backdrops can provide. 

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Highlighting the human element: of light and composition

There are two ways to emphasize the human element in a minimalist composition: through using light to create distinct contrasts and tones, and through composition and framing. The key to those compositions is to highlight human beings just enough as to take them out of the ordinary chaos of cities and urban settings. Simplicity is important here, as too many prevalent elements may dilute your stories and pose a challenge to your viewers. If they are not able to identify your subject(s) right away, the impact of your picture may be somewhat lost on them.

First, light is everything. Tonal and color differentiation in minimalist compositions is a must, not an option. In this example above, the man stands out because of the subject’s central placement – where the light and color values are stronger, and thus able to instantly attract the eyes. The vertical lines surrounding him also act as a blocker, isolating the space around him from the remaining of the scene, at the spotlight of a theatrical stage. All other city and human elements are faded in comparison, creating more complexity, but at a level that the mind can comprehend and accept.

Secondly, leading lines drive the eyes to the subject in a non-hesitant manner. Those compositions are generally more simple and straightforward to the mind, with a clear, well defined path to what the eyes should be seeing. It also creates depth and perspective, thus making the image more interesting overall. Central positioning within the frame also makes it easy to understand the story in the picture. All in all, each composition element in this picture is meant to achieve one simple result: lead us to the main character, at the intersection of several geometrical planes.

Leading lines though can be less obvious and more subtle to the mind, like in the above example. Here, the line is diagonal, starting from the right and slowly taking us to the silhouette of a woman. What also works in this image is the strong tonal contrast between the subject and the immediate background where she stands, making her the ultimate subject of this black and white urban landscape. This image however doesn't stop at the woman, and is an example of how the city can extend well beyond human beings – showing how small we are in the larger city surrounding us.

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Understanding flows: creating movement and dynamic

Minimalist compositions lend themselves to interesting visual puzzles, at times static, and at times strangely dynamic. When one understands flows, then it becomes easy to capture your subject in a dynamic setting. First of all, as you probably know by now, the eyes go from left to right, and from bottom to top. This is how the mind works – and everything going against that flow may be disturbing and strangely unbalanced. The first two pictures below are adopting a similar pattern: they all showcase characters on their way from left to right, at various position within the frame. But the dynamic is not created simply by this directional movement: it is the utilization of city elements to strengthen that movement that will be decisive to create dynamism.

In the first image, the disappearance of the subject from the frame is aggravated by the strong diagonals created by the elevators around her, following a left/bottom – top/right direction. Those diagonals are some of the strongest elements a picture can have to create invisible flows and very real sense of movement. All the lines tend to follow and support the subject’s movement, emphasizing a clearly defined sense of motion and directionality.

While more abstract, this second image follows a similar flow with a main character being absorbed by the black mass of shadows. Again, a strong diagonal cuts the image in two, connecting the man to some outer part of the image situated in the top-right corner. This connection creates movement per and in itself, opening up the image to some unknown destination for the mind. The resulting effect is the anticipation of the man moving into the dark space, preventing the image from feeling otherwise static.

Another technique is to present two subjects going into separate directions, as in the image above. Here, the combination of those opposite directionalities with the bridge that connects and separates all at the same time creates a sense of fragile imbalance, not unlike a scale that one would use to weigh different objects. The image becomes very dynamic, full of opposite forces driving in multiple directions at once – creating complex flows in the image, and resulting in a clear sense of opposite movements.

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Towards abstraction: playing with shapes and space

Minimalist compositions can, at times, be highly abstract. While in most images, human shapes are seen as distinct from their urban environment, we can easily take the opposite direction and minimize this distinction to create more abstract and visual compositions. Looking back at the way people perceive images and components of a story, the basic distinction between subject and ground (meaning anything else surrounding the subject) is particularly important in enabling them to understand the story going on. But why would we want to make it easy? At times it can be fun to create visual abstractions where the human element cannot be easily understood, seen, and spotted. This often results in more complex and surprising images, requiring more efforts from the mind to decipher the visual puzzle created.

As an example of abstract urban landscape, here’s a shot that I took from my window back in the time I was leaving in Chicago. As you can see, the angle and elements make this shot highly abstract. It is hard at first glance to recognize the setting: a sidewalk, a tree, a car, and a man walking in the snow. The dark human shape seems to belong to the mix of abstract elements making up this shot.

This shot of the Vatican stairs take the abstraction a step forward, through blurring the lines between human and architectural shapes. If you’ve followed my different posts and book writings, you will easily recognize this example. If not, here’s what there is to see: the human heads and sculpture heads are hard to differentiate, making it a puzzle for those looking at this image. What’s alive and real vs. what’s in stone and from the past cannot easily be distinguished, creating a sense of abstraction.

This last shot shows an example of using negative space and light in order to create a perfectly abstract composition. The role of human elements in this picture is less and less clear, as those elements seem to merge with their surroundings. The delimitation of buildings is non-existent, merging into space of bright light and dark shadows alternatively. The resulting image is made of dark and light elements reconstructing a scene that doesn’t exist, with buildings that are not what they seem to be, and a place that we can’t easily recognize.

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Emphasizing emotions: unveiling the human-city relationship

The most interesting use of city elements is to emphasize emotions in our stories. Although harder to create, and with no clear rules to follow, here’s an attempt at identifying the various emotions that can be emphasized through minimalist compositions – when the gigantic city overwhelms human beings and reflects part of their deeper feelings.

Urban loneliness is one of the most common emotions that minimalist street photography can convey. In general, lonely figures lost in the chaotic urban landscape generate this type of emotions. This is the case for example of the image above, where a lonely man sits in the middle of an empty restaurant at night, leaving us wondering where all other patrons may have gone.

Sometimes, rather than loneliness in itself, this is the feeling that the whole weight of the world falls on our shoulders, like in this image of an old woman having climbed a hard and steeped road despite her advanced age. The connection between the city and this character is made stronger by the form of her back, rolled over, and the patterns of high blue doors seemingly of another age and time.

But our relationship to the city can also be mystic in essence. In this image, the human drama happening between the two lovers is emphasized by the voluptuous city playing in the background, as if they were on the edge of the world – hidden from the city, and yet an integral part of it.

When subjects become active observers of the city, other emotions can come to life: such as awe in front of sheer beauty, of the complex and timeless work of man displayed in front of their eyes. In this image of Chicago architecture, the couple under the umbrella appears mesmerized by the view laying down in front of them. They’re in communion with their surroundings – feeling part of the city, and inspired by its timeless history and strength.

Creating impact: Fundamentals of storytelling in street photography

Here you go, I have made the jump. I finally published my first book, developing the concept of storytelling in street photography. I spend almost two years studying composition in street photography, with the purpose of understanding how to create more emotional and impactful images. I was interested, in particular, in the concepts of harmony vs. tension, camera subjectivity, and light transformation - all recurring patterns in my work.

From this analysis came to life a series of blog posts, and, eventually, a conference talk on storytelling in street photography during the Out of Chicago conference. This is my honor and pleasure today to share with you the result of this analysis; and I hope that this book will take you further in your photographic journey, just as it did for me.

This ebook is available for free at the following link: Issue/Marielaigneau and you can also directly download it here.

PS: If you enjoyed the reading, can you let me know by adding a comment below? It would make me very happy :) Thank you in advance!